Vietnam remains one of Asia’s major trading markets, supported by a strong manufacturing base and an extensive network of free trade agreements. In the first seven months of 2026, the country’s total import-export turnover reached an estimated US$659 billion, up 28% year on year, showing the scale and continued growth of cross-border trade.
For businesses importing into or exporting from Vietnam, the opportunity is significant, but getting the rules right matters. While most businesses do not need a general import-export licence, certain goods require permits, registrations or additional checks. This guide covers the key requirements around business setup, customs procedures, duties, certificates of origin and ongoing compliance.
Import-export licensing is simple but regulated: Vietnam doesn’t require a general import-export license, yet all business scapes must be properly registered, and certain goods still need ministry permits.
Tariff benefits depend on origin and compliance: Vietnam’s free trade agreements can reduce or remove tariffs on qualifying goods, but businesses must meet the relevant rules of origin and provide the required customs and origin documentation.
Strict standards and digital customs: Vietnam enforces tight SPS, technical, and safety rules; using e-customs systems (VNACCS/VCIS) and staying updated on digital customs reforms helps businesses clear goods efficiently and avoid costly delays.
Vietnam has developed into one of Asia’s major trading economies, supported by its membership in the WTO, ASEAN and a broad network of free trade agreements including CPTPP, EVFTA and RCEP. In 2025, total import-export turnover reached about USD 930 billion, with exports of around USD 475 billion, reflecting the continued growth of Vietnam’s role in global trade.
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Vietnam does not require a separate import-export license to set up a trading company. Both local and foreign investors can form such businesses, provided their registered business lines include the relevant goods. Vietnamese firms may trade all non-prohibited items listed in their registration. Foreign investors must register with the Department of Planning and Investment and obtain an Investment Registration Certificate (IRC) allowing trading activities. Existing firms expanding into import-export must update their IRC accordingly.
Once the relevant trading activities are registered, businesses generally do not need a separate import-export licence. Certain controlled goods, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and cultural products, may still require specific permits or approvals. Foreign-invested businesses may import machinery and materials for their registered activities, while importing other goods for trading or distributing products in Vietnam may require additional licences or approvals.
Import-Export Restrictions and Controlled Goods in Vietnam
Vietnam’s Trade Law and the Law on Foreign Trade Management define which goods are prohibited or restricted for import and export. Businesses should confirm the requirements for their products before trading, including any permits, registrations or approvals that may apply.
Prohibited exports: Vietnam prohibits the export of certain goods, including weapons and military equipment, specified cultural heritage items, timber from domestic natural forests, certain endangered wildlife and plant species, and prohibited hazardous chemicals. With Decree 292/2026/ND-CP taking effect on 5 September 2026, businesses should review the updated prohibited-goods lists and confirm whether any product-specific restrictions apply before exporting.
Prohibited imports: Vietnam prohibits the import of certain goods, including weapons and military equipment, specified explosives and fireworks, prohibited hazardous chemicals, certain used consumer goods and restricted cultural products. E-cigarettes and heated tobacco products have also been prohibited from import since 2025 and are included in the updated prohibited-goods list under Decree 292/2026/NĐ-CP. Other products, including cigarettes and cigars, are subject to separate import controls rather than a general ban.
Restricted and conditional goods: Some goods require ministry approval or special permits before trading. Examples include explosives, explosive precursors, certain chemicals, and items controlled under treaties like CITES or ozone-depleting substances. Pharmaceuticals, medical devices, cosmetics, pesticides, and food products are conditional imports requiring registration or certification with relevant ministries. Import-export firms must secure these permits in advance or risk customs rejection.
Every shipment in Vietnam must meet government standards on quality, safety, and customs procedures. The country enforces strict controls to protect consumers and the environment while fulfilling international commitments.
Technical standards and quarantine: Importers must comply with Vietnam’s technical and sanitary/phytosanitary (SPS) rules. Agricultural and animal products require quarantine certificates and inspection, while food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics must meet local safety standards. Imports of telecom or electronic goods need type approval before clearance. Compliance is required for customs release.
Customs declarations: All imports and exports must be declared electronically via the VNACCS/VCIS or National Single Window system (vnsw.gov.vn). The customs dossier typically includes the declaration form, commercial invoice, packing list, bill of lading or airway bill, and any required permits, licences or certificates, such as proof of origin.
Customs procedure and clearance: Once a customs declaration is submitted, shipments are classified into green (auto), yellow (document check), or red (physical inspection) channels. Businesses also need the appropriate tax registration and digital signature for electronic customs procedures, while applicable duties and taxes must be settled before goods are released.
Documentation tips: Ensure all documents are accurate and consistent, with correct HS codes and product descriptions. To claim FTA tariff benefits, businesses must meet the relevant rules of origin and provide valid proof of origin. Low-value imported goods that previously qualified for certain tax exemptions may now be subject to import tax and VAT. Staying current with customs requirements can help avoid delays and penalties.
Vietnam applies import and export duties under its current Law on Export and Import Duties, with exemptions available for certain goods and transactions.
General rules and exemptions: Most goods traded across Vietnam’s borders or between bonded/non-tariff zones are subject to duties. Exceptions include goods in transit, exports from bonded zones, and imports used only within non-tariff zones. Movements between such zones, diplomatic shipments, and temporary imports for re-export may also qualify for exemption.
Export duties: Most exported goods are not subject to export duty, while selected natural resources and other specified products may attract duty depending on their HS code. Qualifying exports can also benefit from a 0% VAT rate, subject to the applicable conditions and documentation.
Import duties: Vietnam applies three tariff levels:
Preferential (MFN) rates for WTO members.
Special preferential rates for or qualifying goods from FTA partners, subject to the relevant rules of origin.
Ordinary rates for other imports, generally set at 150% of the corresponding preferential rate.
Tariffs vary by product: luxury goods like cars, alcohol, and cosmetics face high rates and excise taxes, while machinery and inputs for production often have low or zero duty. Ongoing FTAs continue to phase out tariffs through 2025.
Other taxes: Imported goods may also be subject to VAT, Special Consumption Tax or environmental protection tax, depending on the product. In 2026, the Special Consumption Tax framework applies to goods such as cars, alcohol, tobacco and fuel, while qualifying production inputs and investment goods may be eligible for duty exemptions.
Exemptions and refunds: Common duty exemptions apply to temporary imports for re-export, materials for export production, imported machinery for investment projects, gifts, and humanitarian aid. Duty refunds are available for re-exported goods or warranty replacements. Businesses should consult customs experts to leverage exemption schemes and reduce trade costs.
Vietnam’s import-export rules continue to evolve as customs procedures become more digital and trade requirements are updated. In 2026, businesses should pay particular attention to rules of origin, customs documentation and changes to product and trade controls.
Use Free Trade Agreements Effectively: Vietnam now has around 17 active FTAs in 2026, including CPTPP, EVFTA, RCEP and the Vietnam-UAE CEPA. These agreements can reduce tariffs and improve market access, but businesses must meet the relevant rules of origin and provide the required origin documentation. Checking FTA eligibility before importing or exporting can help reduce costs and improve competitiveness.
Vietnam offers strong opportunities for businesses involved in international trade, but successful import and export operations depend on getting the basics right. From business registration and product controls to customs documentation, duties and rules of origin, each step needs to be managed carefully to avoid delays, unexpected costs or compliance issues.
If you are planning to start or expand an import-export business in Vietnam, Ascentium can support you with company formation, product registration and the key compliance requirements that apply to your activities. We help you understand what is required and manage the practical steps with greater clarity.